Bosnia and Herzegovina: Issues for U.S. Policy

The Congressional Research Service, a department of the Library of Congress, conducts research and analysis for Congress on a broad range of national and international policy issues. Some of the CRS work is carried out specifically for individual members of Congress or their staff and is confidential. However, there is also much CRS compiled material which is considered public but is not formally published on the CRS website.

For that reason a number of other organisations try to keep track of these publications and make them publicly available via their own websites. Currently, ESO uses the following websites to track these reports and allow access to them in ESO:

EveryCRSReport.com
Federation of American Scientists (FAS)

In some cases hyperlinks allows you to access all versions of a report, including the latest. Note that many reports are periodically updated.The 1995 Dayton Peace Accords, brokered primarily by the United States, ended the war in Bosnia, which had cost hundreds of thousands of lives and created over 2 million refugees and displaced persons. The Dayton Peace Accords also set up Bosnia’s current political structure of two semi-autonomous, ethnically-based ‘entities’ and a relatively weak central government. It resulted in the deployment of a NATO-led peacekeeping force, which was charged with providing a secure environment for the implementation of the peace agreement. In December 2004, a European Union force took over peacekeeping duties from NATO. A U.N.- appointed High Representative, created by the Dayton Accords, oversees the civilian implementation efforts.

In the more than nine years since the accords, the United States and other countries have scored significant achievements in Bosnia, including sharply reduced inter-ethnic violence, restored freedom of movement, and the return of many refugees and displaced persons to their homes. The international community has also helped Bosnia hold largely free and fair elections and set up many of the institutions of a modern democratic state. However, these individual successes have not added up to the accomplishment of the overall goal of international efforts in Bosnia: the creation of a stable, united Bosnia, able to continue reforms on its own and integrate into Euro-Atlantic institutions. Almost all progress on reforms and on promoting greater unity in Bosnia continues to require direct or indirect intervention by representatives of the international community. Reform efforts continue to be met by obstructionism or passivity by the nationalist parties that control Bosnian governments at all levels. Some observers also assert that the cumbersome governing institutions set up by the Dayton Peace Accords are unworkable.

Supporters of international activism in Bosnia say that the only way to move forward is to continue to impose reforms when necessary, and that when these reforms reach a critical mass, they will become self-sustaining. According to critics of current international policy on Bosnia, international interventionism has led to dependency and irresponsibility among local elites. This problem is all the more serious as the international commitment to Bosnia in troops and funding has decreased in recent years.

Another important issue is whether Bosnia is still important to U.S. interests. Some say that pressing U.S. commitments in other countries and regions argue for transferring full responsibility for Bosnia to European countries. Others believe that the United States still has a stake in Bosnia’s stability, as part of building a Europe ‘whole and free,’ the overarching U.S. objective in the region. They say continued U.S. involvement in Bosnia may be needed to arrest indicted war criminals, as well as to make sure that Bosnia is not used as a haven for organized crime or terrorists.

The 109th Congress will likely be involved in such issues as appropriating foreign aid for Bosnia and examining Bosnia’s compliance with its obligations to the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. This report will be updated as events warrant.

[Reports from the Congressional Research Service (CRS) are not made publicly available by CRS. However, a number of US websites make available many of these reports. The links from this page are to the website of the US Department of State: Foreign Press Center or to the Center for Democracy and Technology: Open CRS website. In the latter case the link allows you to access all versions of a report, including the latest. Note that many reports reports are periodically updated].

• Primary Source

EveryCRSReport.com https://www.everycrsreport.com/

Federation of American Scientists (FAS): Congressional Research Service [CRS] Reports https://fas.org/sgp/crs/index.html

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